J.ophthalmol.(Ukraine).2019;3:26-31.
Received: 22 March 2019; Published on-line: 27 June 2019
http://doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh201932631
Current antiseptics: a study on their antimicrobial activity and toxic effects on the corneal epithelium
O.A. Nazarchuk, Cand Sc (Med); I.L. Chereshniuk, Cand Sc (Med); G.G. Nazarchuk, Cand Sc (Med); D.V. Palii, Cand Sc (Med)
Pirogov Vinnytsia National Medical University; Vinnytsia (Ukraine)
E-mail: shepelyuk.g.g@gmail.com
TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Nazarchuk OA, Chereshniuk IL, Palii DV. Current antiseptics: a study on their antimicrobial activity and toxic effects on the corneal epithelium. J.ophthalmol.(Ukraine).2019;3:26-31. http://doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh201932631
Background: Infectious agents can develop resistance to antibiotics, but antiseptics maintain their efficacy. It is still important to enhance our understanding of the effects of antiseptics on the macroorganism.
Purpose: To investigate antimicrobial efficacy of the current antiseptic medications used in the ophthalmological practice, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) of decamethoxin (oftalmodek or OD) and miramistin (okomistin or OM), and to assess their effects on anterior corneal epithelial (ACE) DNA fragmentation and cell cycle in rats.
Methods: We conducted a microbiological study to compare OD and OM for antimicrobial efficacy using serial two-fold dilutions. In addition, flow cytometry was used to investigate the effects of these medications on ACE cell apoptosis and proliferation in rats.
Results: When compared with OM, OD demonstrated a higher antimicrobial efficacy against a wide spectrum of infectious agents (р < 0.001). Our in vivo flow cytometry study found no significant difference (p > 0.05) in fractions of ACE cells in various cell cycle phases between experimental eyes that received OD and intact fellow eyes. Experimental eyes in the okomistin group demonstrated depressed DNA synthesis in nuclei of ACE cells, with the fraction of ACE cells in the S phase that was 1.4-fold lower (р < 0.05) than in intact fellow eyes. In addition, the fraction of ACE cells in the G2+M phase and proliferative index of the ACE were 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, lower (р < 0.05), whereas DNA fragmentation level in ACE cell nuclei was 1.5-fold higher (р < 0.05) than in intact fellow eyes.
Conclusion: Oftalmodek has high antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of infectious agents and has no cytotoxic or proapoptotic effects. This was evidenced by the respective indices of its activity, which were 1.8 to 6.1-fold higher than those of okomistin (р < 0.001). However, the use of okomistin resulted in depressed DNA synthesis in nuclei of ACE cells, decreased proliferative index of the ACE, and increased DNA fragmentation level in epithelial cell nuclei compared to intact fellow eyes.
Keywords: oftalmodek, okomistin, cornea, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, infection, antiseptics
References
1.Kamaruzzaman NF, Tan LP, MatYazid KA, et al. Targeting the Bacterial Protective Armour; Challenges and Novel Strategies in the Treatment of Microbial Biofilm. Materials (Basel). 2018 Sep 13;11(9). pii: E1705. doi: 10.3390/ma11091705.
2.Kramer A, Dissemond J, Kim S, et al. Consensus on wound antisepsis: update 2018. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;31(1):28–58.
3.Nazarchuk OA. [Modern strategy of struggle with causing agents of the infection complications]. Klin Khir. 2016;(9):59-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30265488
4.Nazarchuk AA, Vernygorodskyi SV, Palii VG, Nazarchuk GG. [Experimental research of effectiveness of antimicrobial surgical materials containing decamethoxinum]. Novosti khirurgii. 2018;26(1):16-23.
5.Kanazawa, A., Ikeda T., Endo T. A novel approach to mode of action of cationic biocides: morphological effect on antibacterial activity. J Appl Bacteriol. 1995 Jan;78(1):55–60.
6.Voitkova VV. [Study of apoptosis with the use of flow cytometry (review of literature)]. Bulletin of the East Siberian Scientific Center SB RAMS. 2010; 76(6 Part 1): 220-225. Russian.
7.Leclercq R, Cantón R, Brown DF, et al. EUCAST expert rules in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Feb;19(2):141-60.
8.Haddad A. Renewal of the rabbit corneal epithelium as investigated by autoradiography after intravitreal injection of 3H-thymidine. Cornea. 2000 May;19(3):378–83.
9.Brotherick I. Basic DNA Measurement by Flow Cytometry. In: Guide to flow cytometry. Wulff S, editor. Dako: Carpinteria. p. 99–106.
10.Mashkovskii MD. [Pharmaceuticals]. 15th ed, revised. Moscow: Novaia volna; 2007. Russian.
11.Karpiński TM, Szkaradkiewicz AK. Chlorhexidine – pharmaco-biological activity and application. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(7):1321–6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25912596
The authors certify that they have no conflicts of interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.